Read online The PKK: Financial Sources, Social and Political Dimensions - Charles Strozier | PDF
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Tepav research indicates that distribution of terrorists have been provided until 2011 from several countries: turkey (57,13%), iraq (12,70%), iran (7,75%), syria (12,28%), eu countries (8,90%) and others (1,24%) (tepav, 2012). These data show that 89,86% of the human source of the pkk has been distributed by these four countries.
Some of the financial sources of the pkk can be cited as follows: *revenues obtained from the special nights organized by branch organizations in europe.
The kurdistan workers' party or pkk is a kurdish militant political organization and armed turkish sources had also stated that the pkk carried out kidnappings of tourists, where a people's basic economic, cultural, social.
The kurdistan workers' party or pkk (kurmanji kurdish: partîya karkerên kurdistanê) is a kurdish militant political organization and armed guerrilla movement, which has historically operated throughout greater kurdistan, but is now primarily based in the mountainous kurdish-majority regions of southeastern turkey and northern iraq.
Other sources of revenue of the pkk as extortion, robbery and counterfeiting. The revenues used for purchasing firearms, munitions and other equipment used by the terrorists. Narcotics smuggling therefore constitutes a major part of the pkk's financial apparatus, alongside extortion, blackmailing, robbery, arms smuggling and illicit labor.
Turkish democracy foundation, fact book on turkey kurds and pkk terrorism. Alkan, “teror orgutlerinin finans kaynaklari [financial sources of terrorist.
• the syrian regime’s exclusive support for the pkk had been constant with limited in-tervals of diminishing or less visible support. The assad family had adopted it as a state policy to allow the pkk to recruit from northern syria under syrian security’s close watch. When the pyd was founded by the pkk in syria in 2003, the syrian terrain.
This undoubtedly prevents the emergence of an upper bourgeoisie (industrial and financial), but this social class still exists, as well as a very large petty bourgeoisie. Capitalist social relations, private property exist, and even feudal social relations: there are entrepreneurs as there are also landowners.
The editors of this book seek to address this omission with 12 fine papers that examine the pkk's historical development, its political and social background, and its interactions with media. There is a specific emphasis in the book on the sources of the pkk's financial support, including its involvement in money laundering and smuggling in drugs, cigarettes, and arms.
The primary source of pkk’s income stems, unsurprisingly and similarly to other terror groups, from the drug trade – namely heroin and cannabis.
Turkish authorities claimed that the organization's main sources of financing shifted from state sources to mostly the kurds in europe and revenue derived from drug trafficking. Scholars critical of the pkk in 2007 cited one british intelligence estimate that claims the pkk controls around 40 per cent of the total amount of heroin entering europe from the east.
The pkk has long used terrorist methods as part of its ar-senal in an attempt to force the government to take it se-riously and become the dominant element of the kurdish movement. 5 over the past year pkk groups apparently 1 for previous reporting on the kurdish movement in turkey and related matters, see crisis group europe report n°213 turkey:.
Understanding the kurdistan workers’ party (pkk) and its evolution through the organization’s financial sources. Using this continuum, this study characterizes the pkk as a commercial terrorist group with strong financial motivations. Its financial motivations are stronger than its political ones.
Understanding the kurdistan workers' party (pkk) and its evolution through the organization's financial sources.
The capture of abdullah öcalan in 1999 and the inclusion of the pkk in the list of eu terrorist organizations in 2002 led the organization to withdraw from visible areas and continue its activities from the background. Greece is also an important country for the pkk in terms of financial resources.
In this regard, the pkk, thanks to its social and socalled cultural organizations, started a great no to drug campaign in many european countries in 1998. With these kind of campaigns, as expected it was not possible for the pkk to clear itself in the eyes of european police and other security forces.
In order to finance the purchase of weapons, the pkk extorts money from businessmen, shopkeepers and professionals of kurdish origin residing abroad. The bulk of the pkk's annual budget also includes income stemming from drug smuggling and trafficking.
At the turn of the century, as the lifelong us radical murray bookchin gave up on trying to revitalize the contemporary anarchist movement under his philosophy of social ecology, pkk founder and leader abdullah öcalan was arrested in kenya by turkish authorities and sentenced to death for treason.
The two most prominent sources of kurdish leadership come from the pkk (see inset graphic for acronym explanations), which originated in turkey, and the kurdistan regional government (krg) in iraq. The two entities are rivals but also make periodic common cause.
The kurdish democratic union party (pyd) is established as a pkk branch in syria in 2003 and calls for democratic self-government. However, the pkk is recognized as a terrorist organization by turkey, the united states of america (the us), the european union (eu), iran, australia, and some arab countries.
Turkey continues to pursue the pkk to “neutralize” their threat. Often this comes at the expense of bombings in the kurdistan region of iraq and within the nineveh governorate. Many assyrian christians called these areas home prior to the iraqi war and isis.
Pkk's primary targets include police, military, economic, and social assets in turkey. European countries there are ongoing investigations and court cases related to financing.
“we expect a clear statement from the iraqi intelligence that these illicit drugs came to kirkuk from kalar. In recent months, through the drug trafficking, using kirkuk as a transit point between northern iraq and southern iraq, the pkk has been able to garner a lot of financial sources,” he says.
Tweets that included the hashtag referred to the pkk and ypg interchangeably to suggest both entities regularly murder children and innocent civilians, or used them as human shields. Some accounts tweeted the same hashtag hundreds of times within a few hours, though dfrlab stopped short of definitively saying the accounts were bots.
Mendous social, political and economic losses in the country, thus consti-tuting the greatest problem confronting turkey. In addition to the damage it has caused to the country and citizens, the pkk evolved into a terrorist organization that threatens not only regional but also international peace and security over the years.
Years, pkk has been a part of the violence in turkey during that period, and it has cost at least 30,000 lives on both sides. Trinkunas, terrorist organizations such as the pkk require financial resources to survive,.
The pkk has sent a group that is not engaged in military confrontations and is not wanted in any offense. However, the supporters of pkk have demanded turkey to celebrate this event. They also wanted to be photographed by the media as a kind of kurdish victory, which was blessed by the leader in detention abdullah öcalan.
As part of a multi-pronged strategy to fight the pkk, turkey launches a new diplomatic initiative to cut off its financial resources in europe. September 3, 2011 under its new initiative, ankara will share dossiers, including evidence to eu-member states, in hopes european states will take stronger action to end terrorist financing.
The us has provided $21 million financial aid to ypg/pkk-led syrian democratic forces (sdf) to alleviate impacts of caesar act, sources told anadolu agency. The aid came a day after the us announced a “sustained sanctions” campaign against the syrian regime and its allies.
The time being, the pkk engages in such crimi-nal methods - mainly drug trafficking - in a geographical area from afghanistan to western europe in order to continue its terrorism,2 while the pkk/kongra-gel’s “official” documents deny the existence of the “illegal” financial re-sources providing for the group’s continuity.
Understanding the potential sources of and preventing the financial support of terrorist organizations takes an important place in countering terrorism.
Social security handbook this is a link to chapter 21 of the social security handbook which contains material about ssi organized in question and answer format so that you can find the information you need quickly and easily.
/ turkey to become global financial over time through extensive research based on primary sources that the leading political actors have published.
Sources: indonesia (sigit and surbakti 1999); korea (moon, lee, and yoo 1999); thailand.
Abdullah öcalan founded the kurdistan workers’ party (pkk) in turkey in 1978. While the pkk’s manifesto “explicitly called for the creation of an independent kurdish state,” the group embraced marxism to justify its kurdish-separatist war as part of a global class struggle and revolution.
Strozier and james frank, the pkk: financial sources, social and political.
The original 1997 list of foreign terrorist organizations named 30 groups, including the philippine group abu sayaf, the spanish group eta, the kurdish pkk, hamas, hizbollah, and the popular front.
The kurdistan workers' party or pkk (kurdish: partîya karkerên kurdistanê ) is a kurdish militant political organization and armed guerrilla movement, which has historically operated throughout greater kurdistan, but is now primarily based in the mountainous kurdish-majority regions of southeastern turkey and northern iraq.
A drone carrying explosives attacks a turkish army outpost in a new video released by the kurdish pkk group. This marks a new stage in the drone campaign by the pkk, a kurdish separatist group that.
The other source of the gulf states’ apathy towards turkey’s pkk problem is political. Turkey had great relations with all gulf states in the 2000s to the extent that the gulf cooperation council declared turkey as a strategic partner in 2008.
Attacks in turkey and clashes with kurdish groups significantly increased in 2016. Keep track of the latest developments on the center for preventive action’s global conflict tracker.
Aml/cft, anti-money laundering and countering financing of terrorism such as the kurdistan workers' party (pkk) and the revolutionary people's remt actors who exploit the internet and social media to spread violent propaga.
3 jul 2020 baghdad – iraqi political sources and media reports revealed that by adel abdul-mahdi adopted a strict financial approach with the kurds,.
28 jan 2020 after sketching the relation between the financial crisis commencing in source: “the new pkk: unleashing a social revolution in kurdistan”.
The ypg/pkk has used the dams and oil fields to produce electricity and oil, which have been sold to the syrian regime and kurdish-run regional government in northern iraq, generating massive amounts of illicit financial sources to the terrorist group.
When the con ict between the turkish state and the pkk evolved into a fully edged civil war (ucdp 2010). Even though the terms of the discourse remained in place, after abdullah öcalan s arrest in 1999, terrorism (temporarily) became a secondary issue in turkish politics (see bilgin 2007).
Ca financial statements in full, including balance sheets and ratios.
Wall street reporter, the trusted name in financial news since 1843, is highlighting the latest ceo comments and news from companies recently presenting at its highly acclaimed next super stock livestream investor conferences, and investor livechats on social media streams.
The pkk received support not only from kurds within turkey's borders but from external sources, including the soviet union, and the kurds of iraq, syria, and iran, as well as from the syrian government, which sought to weaken turkey.
In the words of the pkk, its militants are fighting under the flag of the ernk and armed with the weapons of the argk. Some of the financial sources of the pkk can be cited as follows: *revenues obtained from the special nights organized by branch organizations in europe.
These changes have led to the development of banking entities which are flexible, open to the new banking perspectives and react promptly to market changes. However, extensively growing central and eastern european (“cee”) markets require financial sources to meet the increasing demand for core banking intermediation.
But the pkk’s total rejection of the nation state can hardly be acceptable to a nation state; 71 while the pkk nominally accepts the existence of the turkish state, the group’s stated ideology.
According to al-monitor sources, the pkk reportedly intends to regulate financial activity in clash locations, first of all by drawing up lists of “friends and foes. ” will this grand operation by security forces that is widely expected in coming days lead to a civil war?.
Although from the mid-1980s until recently, the kurdistan workers’ party (known as the pkk) was the major insurgent opponent of the turkish government, in the past couple of years the islamic state of iraq and the levant (isil) and small marxist-leninist groups have come to play a role in terrorist attacks in the country.
While the pkk made a few income-generating investments, the kashmiri groups lacked the economic acumen to develop an independent source of revenue. While pira and the ltte employed professional accountants, the pkk and the kashmiri groups witnessed financial mismanagement and financial negligence respectively.
The rise in income inequality over the last decades may be closely related with the first two trends.
30 dec 2020 introduction; turkey as a source of terrorism; aspects of turkey's recent party (known as the pkk) was the major insurgent opponent of the turkish social and economical dimensions, as well as a focused attentio.
Thousands of turkish soldiers fought kurdistan workers party (pkk) separatists on sunday in two large operations, military sources said.
The turkey-based kurdistan workers' party (partiya karkaren kurdistan, pkk-renamed in 2001 the freedom and democracy congress of kurdistan, kadek) is a terrorist organization with various illegal trafficking and money-laundering activities that depend heavily on links in western europe.
This book presents a theoretical framework to study dissident ethnic movements' imagination of world politics, with a special focus on the pkk as a case study.
Social security is the largest federal spending program, the biggest tax most workers pay, and the biggest source of income for most retirees, and so it affects how people work and save.
Party, pkk) incident, the kurdish question has been one of the most problematic issues for turkey as the turkish state and millions of her citizens have suffered from the pkk terrorism. Researchers’ estimates about the financial cost of the pkk terrorism to the turkish state from 1984 to 1998 vary between $80 billion and $225 billion.
4 nov 2014 turkey wants denmark to account for the release of ten kurds suspected government has been taking to counter the pkk's financial sources,.
The pkk’s european arm runs hundreds of aid organizations for increasing propaganda and collecting donations and solidarity tax from among the kurdish community, particularly in germany.
The second part assesses the problem within turkey's domestic environment, with a focus on whether pkk truly represents turkey's kurds. The third section tries to answer the question of who provides the logistical and financial support for pkk, thereby exploring the issue's international dimensions.
On top of major challenges, including the spillover from the war in syria, islamic state terrorism and increasingly heavy-handed governance, turkey's conflict with the kurdistan workers’ party (pkk) also reignited last year. In this excerpt from our watch list 2017 annual early-warning report for european policy makers, crisis group urges the european union and its member states to increase.
Sharia banks are one of the financial resources for micro, small, and medium enterprises (msmes). They have a strategic position as a financial source for msmes.
The pkk is an armed group that has fought the turkish state for autonomy in turkey’s kurdish majority southeast since taking up arms in 1984.
The pkk has used suicide bombing attacks on various occasions. The kongra-gel was founded by abdullah ocalan in 1974 as a marxist-leninist separatist organization and formally named the kurdistan workers' party in 1978.
2 for claims based on involvement with kurdish political parties, see the country policy and information note on turkey: kurdish political parties.
First, the study analyzes in detail sources of terrorist financing, such as state sponsorship, illegal activities, legal activities, extortion and the international diaspora,.
Focuses on the kurdistan workers’ party (pkk) financing activities through the land border of turkey. In doing so, this study mainly examines how the turkish border security system can stop the trans-border financial activities of pkk along its land borders with iran, iraq and syria.
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